{"id":116,"date":"2021-04-13T09:20:20","date_gmt":"2021-04-13T07:20:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/?page_id=116"},"modified":"2021-04-13T09:20:20","modified_gmt":"2021-04-13T07:20:20","slug":"svycarsko-historie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/evropska-federace-remesel\/svycarsko-historie\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160v\u00fdcarsko – historie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"D\u00e1nsko\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

HEIMATWERK : AKTUELL + TRADITIONELL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod t\u00edmto hlavn\u00edm sloganem \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 organizace pro lidov\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed a um\u011bleck\u00e9 \u0159emeslo se konala v\u00fdstava „Tradi\u010dn\u00ed a modern\u00ed \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 um\u011bleck\u00e1 \u0159emesla“ ve v\u00fdstavn\u00ed s\u00edni Slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea na Bratislavsk\u00e9m hrad\u011b. V\u00fdstavu uspo\u0159\u00e1daly organizace Schweizer Heimatwerk, Pro Helvetia, \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 kulturn\u00ed nadace, Koordina\u010dn\u00ed komise pro prezentaci \u0160v\u00fdcarska v zahrani\u010d\u00ed ve spolupr\u00e1ci s Centrem produkce lidov\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, Historick\u00fdm muzeem Slovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea v Bratislav\u011b za finan\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku ze st\u00e1tn\u00edho kulturn\u00edho fondu Pro Slovakia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pe\u010dliv\u011b vybran\u00e1 kolekce prac\u00ed sk\u00fdt\u00e1 zevrubn\u00fd p\u0159ehled jak o tradi\u010dn\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed, tak o modern\u00edm um\u011bleck\u00e9m \u0159emesle ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku. V\u00fdstava z\u00e1rove\u0148 slou\u017e\u00ed k prezentaci \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 kultury v zahrani\u010d\u00ed. Doposud tuto v\u00fdstavu nav\u0161t\u00edvili n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci ze Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f americk\u00fdch, Kanady, Francie, It\u00e1lie, Rakouska, Eypta, Norska a Finska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0158emesla, ru\u010dn\u00ed um\u011bleck\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce a lidov\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed kroje, lidov\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b a tance, dialekty (kter\u00e9 jsou ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b oblast\u00ed \u0160v\u00fdcarska n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, n\u011bm\u010dina je v\u0161ak hlavn\u00edm ciz\u00edm jazykem vyu\u010dovan\u00fdm na \u0161kol\u00e1ch) a zvyky spole\u010dn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u0161v\u00fdcarskou lidovou kulturu, jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kulturn\u00edho reli\u00e9fu \u0160v\u00fdcarska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V p\u016fvodn\u011b konzervativn\u00edch hornat\u00fdch a lesnat\u00fdch oblastech centr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0160v\u00fdcarska v Appenzellsk\u00e9m regionu, kantonech Wallis, Graub\u00fcnden, Tessin a Berne jsou nejv\u00edce zachoval\u00e1 tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0159emesla. Zahrnuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed d\u0159eva a textili\u00ed, ve m\u011bstech pak p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 skl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a v\u00fdrobky z c\u00ednu a pr\u00e1ce kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9. V selsk\u00e9 keramice vynik\u00e1 kanton Berne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heimatwerk – obecn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 spole\u010dnost bez st\u00e1tn\u00ed podpory – byla zalo\u017eena obyvateli d\u016fln\u00edch oblast\u00ed coby spolupracuj\u00edc\u00ed spole\u010dnost b\u011bhem ekonomick\u00e9 krize t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fdch let dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Dnes tato organizace podporuje tradi\u010dn\u00ed i sou\u010dasn\u00e1 um\u011bleck\u00e1 \u0159emesla v cel\u00e9 zemi prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jej\u00edch dvaceti obchod\u016f, pravideln\u00fdch v\u00fdstav, vlastn\u00edho \u010dtvrtletn\u011b vyd\u00e1van\u00e9ho \u017eurn\u00e1lu, \u0161koly pro \u0159emeslnictv\u00ed, um\u011bleck\u00e9 \u0159emeslnictv\u00ed a lidov\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed, sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed, atd. Organizace v budoucnu pl\u00e1nuje zav\u00e9st stipendia pro um\u011bleck\u00e9 \u0159emesln\u00edky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kulturn\u00ed reli\u00e9f \u0160v\u00fdcarska<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161echny n\u00e1rody jsou z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivn\u011bny p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm reli\u00e9fem, ve kter\u00e9m \u017eij\u00ed. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mozku a rukou \u010dlov\u011bka se utvo\u0159\u00ed i reli\u00e9f kulturn\u00ed. \u010clov\u011bk a reli\u00e9f spolu \u017eij\u00ed v symbi\u00f3ze, co\u017e je jednota z\u00edskan\u00e1 zna\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fasil\u00edm. P\u0159\u00edroda – laviny a horsk\u00e9 smr\u0161t\u011b – mohou b\u00fdt nep\u0159\u00edtelem \u010dlov\u011bka. Ale \u010dlov\u011bk tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee jednat v nesouladu se z\u00e1kony P\u0159\u00edrody a ni\u010dit ji sv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00fdm vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm, pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00edm a zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm. Harmonie \u010dlov\u011bka a p\u0159\u00edrody, reli\u00e9fu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho i kulturn\u00edho je zajist\u00e9 c\u00edl, kter\u00fd za toto \u00fasil\u00ed stoj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typy reli\u00e9fu a klimatu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na\u0161e zem\u011b – a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem i kultura jej\u00edch obyvatel – je tvo\u0159ena \u010dty\u0159mi typy reli\u00e9fu a klimatu. Klima se r\u016fzn\u00ed od subtropick\u00e9ho tepla v ji\u017en\u00edm \u0160v\u00fdcarsku a kantonu Valais a\u017e k arkticky mraziv\u00fdm \u0161estikilometrov\u00fdm zasn\u011b\u017een\u00fdm vrcholk\u016fm \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch Alp. Za n\u00e1dhernou horskou oblast\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u00edty se sn\u011bhem t\u0159pyt\u00ed po cel\u00fd rok, le\u017e\u00ed omezen\u00fd region ji\u017en\u00edho \u0160v\u00fdcarska, kde se da\u0159\u00ed palm\u00e1m i f\u00edkovn\u00edk\u016fm a kter\u00fd sah\u00e1 a\u017e k \u00farodn\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017ein\u011b Po. \u0158\u00eddce os\u00eddlen\u00fd alpsk\u00fd region se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed otev\u0159el turist\u016fm. V tomto regionu se k v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 radosti dob\u0159e zachovala popul\u00e1rn\u00ed lidov\u00e1 kultura, kterou jedna generace p\u0159ed\u00e1vala n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st ze \u0161estimilionov\u00e9 populace \u0160v\u00fdcar\u016f \u017eije v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. Nov\u00e1 spole\u010dnost vytvo\u0159ila svou vlastn\u00ed modern\u00ed lidovou kulturu a nov\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vln\u00edc\u00ed se h\u0159bet Jura se sv\u00fdmi smrkov\u00fdmi str\u00e1n\u011bmi se t\u00e1hne paraleln\u011b pod\u00e9l Alp a st\u0159edn\u00ed oblasti od Basileje na severov\u00fdchodu a\u017e k \u017denev\u011b na jihov\u00fdchod\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed hranici \u0160v\u00fdcarska a Francie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160v\u00fdcarsko – Federace s 23 kantony<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Confederation Helvetica, star\u00e1 \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 korporace vznikla z prvn\u00ed Asociace p\u016fvodn\u00edch kanton\u016f (prakanton\u016f) na jeze\u0159e Vierwaldst\u00e4tter (Uri, Schwyz a Unterwalden), kter\u00e9 se odd\u011blily od habsbursk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e v roce 1291. \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hrdina Vil\u00e9m Tell \u00fadajn\u011b \u0161\u00edpem zast\u0159elil guvern\u00e9ra, kter\u00fd lid utla\u010doval a p\u0159inesl komunit\u011b svobodu. Vznik sou\u010dasn\u00e9 formy federativn\u00edho st\u00e1tu se datuje k roku 1848.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160v\u00fdcarsko je uzav\u0159eno hranicemi, kter\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00ed zhruba 1900 km a odd\u011bluj\u00ed zemi od Francie, N\u011bmecka, Lichtensteinska, Rakouska a It\u00e1lie. Obyvatel\u00e9 hovo\u0159\u00ed \u010dty\u0159mi jazyky maj\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 kultury: 70 % vnitrozemsk\u00e9 populace mluv\u00ed n\u011bmecky (v\u00fdchodn\u00ed, st\u0159edn\u00ed s severn\u00ed \u0160v\u00fdcarsko), 20 % francouzsky (z\u00e1padn\u00ed a jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u0160v\u00fdcarsko), 9 % italsky (Tessin) a 1 % rh\u00e9torom\u00e1nsky (r\u016fzn\u00e9 oblasti Graub\u00fcndenu). V\u0161echny tyto jazyky jsou \u00fastavn\u011b uzn\u00e1ny jako n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyky zem\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160v\u00fdcarsko se vyv\u00edjelo od zem\u011b agr\u00e1rn\u00ed k dne\u0161n\u00ed podob\u011b zem\u011b pr\u016fmyslu a slu\u017eeb. V\u00fdroba prob\u00edh\u00e1 pouze na \u010dtvrtin\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed. Zbytek, tj 30 000 km \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed lesy, kopce a jezera. V sou\u010dasnosti zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1 pouh\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i procenta populace. To zaji\u0161\u0165uje v\u00fdrobu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b poloviny potravin zem\u011b. Obyvatel\u00e9 region\u016f, kde p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed si jsou v\u011bdomi hodnoty jejich tradic. Tak\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u011bchto oblastech se v roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e zachovaly zvyky a um\u011bleck\u00e1 \u0159emesla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed keramick\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V kantonu Berne se m\u016f\u017eeme shledat s vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed rustik\u00e1ln\u00ed keramikou s kv\u011btinov\u00fdmi, zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edmi a antromorfick\u00fdmi dekoracemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 let se tu vyr\u00e1b\u00ed hrnky, d\u017eb\u00e1ny, tal\u00ed\u0159e, misky , a R\u00f6sti tal\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e9 se zdob\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem barv\u00edc\u00edm „rohem“. \u0158emesln\u00edci, pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do Bernsk\u00e9 mistrovsk\u00e9 asociace hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159\u016f, byli vyu\u010deni na \u0160kole aplikovan\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 rodina m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed specifick\u00e9 dekorativn\u00ed prvky – kv\u011btinov\u00e9 kompozice, prostorov\u00e9 designy \u010di figury, kter\u00e9 jedna generace p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed. Ale \u010das od \u010dasu se zav\u00e1d\u00ed i inovace, a to v tradi\u010dn\u00edm ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed tvar\u016f a barev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku jsou t\u0159i speci\u00e1ln\u00ed hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly: v\u011bt\u0161ina hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u011bnuj\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b tradic\u00ed keramiky se vyu\u010d\u00ed v Bernu. Ze \u0161kol ve Vevey a \u017denev\u011b (ve francouzsky hovo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u0160v\u00fdcarska) vych\u00e1z\u00ed modern\u00ed \u0161v\u00fdcar\u0161t\u00ed keramici, kte\u0159\u00ed se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed dobr\u00e9mu jm\u00e9nu po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern\u00ed keramika a textilie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi st\u0159edisky v\u00fdroby keramiky ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku jsou kantony francouzsky hovo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u0160v\u00fdcarska, \u017deneva a Vaud. Pov\u011bst modern\u00ed \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 keramiky ve sv\u011bt\u011b zajistila p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm takov\u00e1 jm\u00e9na jako Edouard Chappalaz, Jean-Claude De Crousaz, Philippe Lambercy a Jacques Kaufmann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed odv\u00e1d\u00ed \u0161v\u00fdcar\u0161t\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edci vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1ci i v um\u011bleck\u00fdch textili\u00edch. Na \u0161kole vy\u0161\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed se vyu\u010dili mist\u0159i jako Lissy Funk, nejstar\u0161\u00ed z tv\u016frc\u016f \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch um\u011bleck\u00fdch textili\u00ed, a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed textilu, kte\u0159\u00ed se dnes t\u011b\u0161\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu uzn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tkan\u00ed, vy\u0161\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a tvorba krajek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s textilem byla od nepam\u011bti dom\u00e9nou \u017een.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na tkalcovsk\u00fdch stavech v rozli\u010dn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech \u0160v\u00fdcarska vznikaj\u00ed n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 u\u017eitkov\u00e9 a ozdobn\u00e9 tkaniny s n\u00e1rodn\u00edmi vzory. P\u0159\u00edkladem je typick\u00e9 tkan\u00ed Hasli s \u010derven\u00fdm vzorem na sv\u011btl\u00e9m pozad\u00ed. V mal\u00fdch tkalcovsk\u00fdch d\u00edln\u00e1ch v Graub\u00fcndenu, Ticinu, Centr\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0160v\u00fdcarsku a Cury\u0161sk\u00e9 Vyso\u010din\u011b vznikaj\u00ed krom\u011b dom\u00e1c\u00edch textili\u00ed i od\u011bvn\u00ed l\u00e1tky v\u0161ech mo\u017en\u00fdch typ\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ekov\u00e9 vy\u0161\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a needle-painting (malovan\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161ivka pro lok\u00e1ln\u00ed kroje); tuto techniku pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i v n\u011bkolika kl\u00e1\u0161terech. Delik\u00e1tn\u00ed krajky se u\u017eit\u00edm starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch vzor\u016f vyr\u00e1b\u00ed v Lauterbrunnensk\u00e9m \u00fadol\u00ed kantonu Berne, v distriktu Gruy\u00e9res a v kantonu Neuchatel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V sou\u010dasnosti za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tato ru\u010dn\u00ed textiln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku velk\u00fd n\u00e1vrat. Ru\u010dn\u011b zhotoven\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty jsou cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdykoli p\u0159edt\u00edm, ale pochopiteln\u011b nejsou nijak zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 levn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 masky<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Masky a p\u0159evleky existovaly od t\u00e9 doby, co je \u010dlov\u011bk na zemi. Z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f se lid\u00e9 ukr\u00fdvaj\u00ed do r\u016fzn\u00fdch jin\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Evrop\u011b maj\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 masky tradici ji\u017e po n\u011bkolik generaci, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v lesnat\u00fdch alpsk\u00fdch regionech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typick\u00fdmi regiony tv\u016frc\u016f masek ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku jsou st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0160v\u00fdcarsko (Obwalden), oblast Sargans (masky od Hugo Reichlina, Flums, St. Gallen) a \u00fadol\u00ed L\u00f6tschen v kantonu Valais s jejich primitivn\u00edmi stra\u0161ideln\u00fdmi „Roitsch\u00e4ggeten“).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brou\u0161en\u00e9 sklo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V sedmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m a osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed se prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 mal\u00fdch \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch m\u011bst py\u0161nili sv\u00fdmi brou\u0161en\u00fdmi d\u017eb\u00e1ny, v\u00e1zami, tal\u00ed\u0159i a miskami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pouze to nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sklo bylo dost dobr\u00e9 na jedine\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00edna p\u0159ivezen\u00e1 dom\u016f z \u00fanavn\u00fdch cest na vojenskou slu\u017ebu na jih. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed jsou barevn\u00e1 a brou\u0161en\u00e1 skla, kter\u00e1 zdobila radnice a dal\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 budovy. Mlad\u00ed \u0161v\u00fdcar\u0161t\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edci t\u00e9to tradici dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Kru\u0161n\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed nov\u00e9 a origin\u00e1ln\u00ed sklo zalo\u017een\u00e9 na vlastn\u00edch designech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 region\u00e1ln\u00ed kroje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Region\u00e1ln\u00ed kroje se dnes ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku nos\u00ed v\u00edc ne\u017e kdykoli p\u0159edt\u00edm. Ka\u017ed\u00fd kanton, ka\u017ed\u00e1 oblast a \u010dasto i ka\u017ed\u00e1 jednotliv\u00e1 obec m\u00e1 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed, ned\u011bln\u00ed nebo slavnostn\u00ed kroj, kter\u00fd se bu\u010f zd\u011bdil nebo nov\u011b vytvo\u0159il na z\u00e1klad\u011b starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch vzor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ru\u010dn\u011b tkan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky na \u0161aty, vy\u0161\u00edvan\u00e9 kamizoly, a bl\u00fazy, d\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 po n\u011bkolik generac\u00ed, speci\u00e1ln\u00ed slam\u011bn\u00e9 klobouky a bohat\u011b zdoben\u00e9 slavnostn\u00ed klobouky, krajky a \u0161\u00e1tky p\u0159es ramena, ru\u010dn\u011b poti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 vln\u011bn\u00e9 a hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 z\u00e1st\u011bry, jsou p\u00fdchou ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u017eeny, kter\u00e1 kroj nos\u00ed. J\u00f3dle\u0159i, vlajkono\u0161i a truba\u010di na roh nos\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed mu\u017esk\u00e9 kroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pades\u00e1t tis\u00edc \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f a \u017een vlastn\u00ed tyto region\u00e1ln\u00ed kroje, jich\u017e existuje p\u0159es 500 r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f. Nos\u00ed je p\u0159i slavnostn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech \u010di zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch ud\u00e1lostech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bernsk\u00e9 filigr\u00e1nsk\u00e9 klenoty, jehlice do vlas\u016f z Nidwaldenu, lucernsk\u00e9 „Deli“ s motivem k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edklady tvorby mistr\u016f st\u0159\u00edbrnick\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Appenzell a Gruy\u00e9re – alpsk\u00e1 past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00e1 kultura<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

St\u0159edn\u00ed \u0160v\u00fdcarsko bylo kdysi zcela zem\u011bd\u011blskou oblast\u00ed. V p\u0159edalpsk\u00fdch oblastech, skute\u010dn\u011b past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00fdch regionech, se chovaly \u010dty\u0159i typy dobytka a tak je tomu i dodnes: v regionu Alpstein (Appenzell a Toggenburg) jsou p\u0159edm\u011btem \u0159emesla a lidov\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed dobyt\u010data. Past\u00fd\u0159i a um\u011ble\u010dt\u00ed truhl\u00e1\u0159i, st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00edci a sedl\u00e1\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u00e1m\u011bty krav, past\u00fd\u0159\u016f, ml\u00e9ka a s\u00fdra v nespo\u010detn\u011b mnoha variac\u00edch: ornamenty kroj\u016f, sady k p\u0159ipnut\u00ed na opasek, formy na m\u00e1slo \u010di pern\u00edk, hra\u010dky a tzv. urn\u00e4schsk\u00e9 „Chlausen“, kter\u00e9 v miniatur\u00e1ch reflektuj\u00ed alpsk\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podobn\u00e1 tradice existuje tak\u00e9 v \u00farodn\u00e9 kopcovit\u00e9 oblasti regionu Gruy\u00e9res kantonu Fribourg. Gruy\u00e9rsk\u00e9 farmy i domovy zdob\u00ed velkoplo\u0161n\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed v\u00fdstupu dobytka na vysoko polo\u017een\u00e9 pastviny, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako „Poya“. Kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 ru\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 mo\u017ed\u00ed\u0159e jsou p\u00fdchou lok\u00e1ln\u00edch alpsk\u00fdch past\u00fd\u0159\u016f, tzv. Armailli\u016f. Jako v Appenzellu v\u011bnuj\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edci zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost v\u00fdzdob\u011b obojk\u016f s rolni\u010dkami, kter\u00e9 nos\u00ed v\u016fd\u010d\u00ed kr\u00e1va p\u0159i slavnostn\u00edm v\u00fdstupu na vysoko polo\u017een\u00e9 pastviny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticino – ko\u0161e a m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty. Vlna a mramor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V \u010dasto neproduktivn\u00edch horsk\u00fdch oblastech ji\u017en\u00edho \u0160v\u00fdcarska Ticinu a italsky hovo\u0159\u00edc\u00edm \u00fadol\u00ed Graub\u00fcndenu se neust\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed starod\u00e1vn\u00e9 dialekty. Obyvatel\u00e9 si \u010dasto sami zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed vlnu, barv\u00ed ji p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi barvivy a pletou ji \u010di tkaj\u00ed. Vypl\u00e9ta\u010di \u017eidl\u00ed a ko\u0161\u016f pracuj\u00ed tak, jak tomu bylo v\u017edy: vyr\u00e1b\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty ka\u017edodenn\u00edho u\u017eitku. Kov\u00e1\u0159i, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed s m\u011bd\u00ed, ru\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u00ed p\u00e1nve a dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako tradi\u010dn\u00ed kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1\u010din\u00ed v Ticinsk\u00e9 „rustici“, kamenn\u00fdch selsk\u00fdch domovech s \u017eulov\u00fdmi st\u0159echami. Nyn\u00ed se v\u0161ak mnoho t\u011bchto „rustici“ p\u0159ebudovalo na ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed turist\u016f nebo ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed pro d\u016fchodce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Ticinu se st\u00e1le pracuje s mramorem. Na\u010dervenal\u00fd mramor se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k hotoven\u00ed obrub a v\u00fdzdob\u011b zd\u00ed. V sou\u010dasnosti je t\u011bchto um\u011bleck\u00fdch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou mist\u0159i techniky vy\u0159ez\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mramoru do rozli\u010dn\u00fdch forem tal\u00ed\u0159\u016f, podnos\u016f a sklenic, pouze hrstka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1ce se d\u0159evem – \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1doby (coopery)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0159evo vhodn\u00e9 k um\u011bleck\u00e9mu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se v bohat\u011b zalesn\u011bn\u00fdch oblastech \u0160v\u00fdcarska vyskytuje ve zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e. Kr\u00e1sn\u011b zdoben\u00e9 a dekorativn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty slou\u017e\u00ed k u\u017eitku jednodu\u0161e a mnoha zp\u016fsoby. B\u011bhem zimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pozastavil sn\u00edh pr\u00e1ci na pol\u00edch. Sedl\u00e1ci tak m\u011bli \u010das prov\u00e1d\u011bt drobn\u00e9 opravy sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbytk\u016f a vlastnili n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed, kter\u00fdm vyr\u00e1b\u011bli hra\u010dky pro sv\u00e9 d\u011bti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typick\u00fdmi \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdmi d\u0159evozpracovatelsk\u00fdmi regiony jsou hornat\u00e9 oblasti kantonu Bern a Graub\u00fcnden a cel\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0160v\u00fdcarsko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u011btov\u011b nejproslulej\u0161\u00ed \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159i poch\u00e1z\u00ed z regionu Brienz. Zde se tak\u00e9 nach\u00e1z\u00ed jedin\u00e1 specializovan\u00e1 \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 \u0161kola v cel\u00e9m \u0160v\u00fdcarsku. Doposud se up\u0159ednost\u0148ovaly ru\u010dn\u011b vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 figur\u00edny do Betl\u00e9m\u016f a rozli\u010dn\u00e1 mal\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 se prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed v obchodech Heimatwerku.\u00a8 D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty jsou \u010dasto r\u016fzn\u011b zdobeny „uzlov\u00e1n\u00edm“ nebo malov\u00e1n\u00edm. Dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jsou vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00e9 formy na pe\u010divo z regionu Appenzell (na Biber – ploch\u00fd dort s mandlovou n\u00e1pln\u00ed) a Zurichu (na Tirggel – medovn\u00edk).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V sou\u010dasnosti se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed krabice z loubk\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch velikostech a tvarech v kantonu Bern. Slou\u017e\u00ed k odkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch mal\u00fdch drobnost\u00ed, ale rovn\u011b\u017e jako svatebn\u00ed d\u00e1rky. Jsou \u010dasto n\u00e1dhern\u011b malov\u00e1ny podle \u00fa\u010delu, kter\u00e9mu maj\u00ed slou\u017eit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V minulosti byly obvykle d\u017eb\u00e1ny na ml\u00e9ko v\u00fdhradn\u011b ze sv\u011btl\u00e9ho d\u0159eva technikou coopery, tak\u017ee se tito v\u00fdrobci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed tzv. coopery. V sou\u010dasnosti se s nimi m\u016f\u017eeme setkat v regionu Appenzell a kantonu Bern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V sou\u010dasnosti se mezi obyvateli jako sou\u010d\u00e1st bytov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u011bst t\u011b\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e9 oblib\u011b selsk\u00fd – malom\u011bstsk\u00fd n\u00e1bytek, kter\u00fd b\u00fdval v kantonu Appenzell bohat\u011b malovan\u00fd. Dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fd je i n\u00e1bytek z cedro-jehli\u010dnanov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva z kantonu Graub\u00fcnden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambros Eberle<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HEIMATWERK : AKTUELL + TRADITIONELL Pod t\u00edmto hlavn\u00edm sloganem \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 organizace pro lidov\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed a um\u011bleck\u00e9 \u0159emeslo se konala v\u00fdstava „Tradi\u010dn\u00ed a modern\u00ed \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 um\u011bleck\u00e1 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":18,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-116","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=116"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":117,"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116\/revisions\/117"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lidovaremesla.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}